The Mask of Benevolence Essay Example for Free

The Mask of Benevolence Essay The Mask of Benevolence BY sarniJ010 The Mask of Benevolence was really stunning to me and made me reconsider a great deal. I thought it was fascinating and charming that it examined the perspectives on most hearing individuals and discussed why they arent essentially right. A significant number of the realities, sentiments, and subtleties of how things had been managed in the past totally amazed me. One of the most amazing things for me was the manner by which each culture saw each other; which was practically all negative. Obviously, not all individuals in every classification have those musings. The book was an astounding perused for me since I had the option to see nd see a few things as the hard of hearing society does in light of the fact that the writer, Harlan Lane, was so explicit and clarified things through the contemplations she got notification from individuals inside the hard of hearing network. In the start of the book, Lane talks about how the hard of hearing society sees cochlear inserts and the oral correspondence of hard of hearing individuals. What's more, however I was uncertain why there was there was such a solid aversion of these things, it before long sounded good to me. Hard of hearing kids that are compelled to get an embed or to depend on oral correspondence lose all sense of direction in an in the middle of universe of hard of hearing and hearing. Path expressed, the embedded kid won't move effectively in the meeting scene, it is improbable that he will learn American Sign Language (ASL) easily and make his own crucial estimations of that network. So there is a genuine peril that he will grow up with no meaningful correspondence, spoken or marked. (p4). This was amazingly educational on the grounds that in spite of the fact that I had never thought adversely in any capacity about the hard of hearing network I had the feeling that clinical progressions and such embeds would be seen inconceivably profoundly to the hard of hearing. As most hearing individuals may be, I uppose I was essentially uneducated on the realities of cochlear inserts. Path asserts that the aftereffect of the errors between the embed and the regular system of hearing is a sound that numerous once in the past hearing grown-ups experience difficulty deciphering and some of the time in any event, limiting. (p219). On page 20, Lane recounts to a tale about a lady from a huge hard of hearing family and trusted beyond a reasonable doubt that her girl, as well, would be hard of hearing. Hard of hearing individuals don't wish to hear, they basically wish for individuals to be progressively mindful of their way of life. They are not weakened, they were just naturally introduced to a little culture; like eing Hispanic or Jewish, for what reason would you wish to wake up and be white one day? That isn't what your identity is. Path examines such a significant number of antagonistic things of how the conference think about the hard of hearing that totally overwhelmed me as well as caused me to feel appalled toward most of hearing individuals that do look down on the hard of hearing network. I was bewildered. I really never knew there were that numerous gullible individuals out there that considered hearing to be as that vastly improved and higher than the hard of hearing; basically on the grounds that I have never known any individual who believed that way and I never at any point thought about that! I was in stun when I saw Lane citing an American mental distribution from 1985 that expressed, Profound deafness that happens preceding the procurement of verbal language is socially and mentally decimating. (p35). Crushing?! The perspective on the hard of hearing from such a significant number of hearing is absurd! In the wake of citing the distribution, Lane went on the rundown a few attributes that the consultation culture has marked to every single hard of hearing individuals. These qualities included forceful, bad tempered, egocentric, and even bashful. How might an approaching individual know it a deat individual is sny or segregated? Hearing individuals see that the hard of hearing individual isn't speaking with them and consequently expected these things. In any case, how would you expect somebody who doesn't have a similar language as you talk and visit with you? That is amazingly selfishly of every single hearing individuals that feel that way. Also, that Just returns to hearing individuals anticipating that the hard of hearing should get familiar with our language. How unimaginably innocent! Dislike the Hispanic culture moving here that have the capacity and assets to learn English yet decline to. The hard of hearing have the most remarkable language on the planet and are suggest unfit to become familiar with some other language easily. How might you figure out how to communicate in a language fluidly when you can't hear it? As I Just expressed, gesture based communication, which I will allude to as ASL starting now and into the foreseeable future despite the fact that sign isn't elite to America, is essentially the most one of a kind language on the planet. What's more, those that deny it as a language are basically Just unfathomably uneducated. Something I discovered intriguing was when Lane talked about narrating in the hard of hearing network on page 16. She clarified how hard of hearing youngsters become familiar with the significance of narrating and they practice at an exceptionally youthful age. Path expresses that reasonable correspondence is exceptionally esteemed; stories ought to be wealthy in detail, start toward the start and end toward the end, and contain plain talk; indicating and dubious talk with an end goal to be obliging are unseemly and even frequently hostile (p16). How is that not discussing a culture with a rich language? Indeed, I feel just as the hard of hearing can really convey more than the consultation. Since in addition to the fact that they have the language as we do, their outward appearances and meticulousness are path past the normal hearing individual. Another point from at an opportune time in he book that I needed to talk about was a something that I could identify with. The part entitled The Paternalism Indictment examines the defect with the lessons for hard of hearing kids. That market is totally constrained by hearing individuals who scarcely comprehend the hard of hearing and their way of life thus it is all fundamentally based of generalizations. On page 49 Lane states, It is supposed to be led in light of a legitimate concern for hard of hearing individuals, however the benefits go only to hearing individuals. What's more, I got the chance to see this direct when I was a sophomore in secondary school. My long time closest companion, Rachel, was brought into the world rofoundly hard of hearing in one ear. She can hear fine and is not the slightest bit hard of hearing or a piece of that culture. She not even once required any extraordinary treatment in school. Anyway she used a listening device or speaker enclose rudimentary every now and then. All through center school and our first year of secondary school she kept up a quite high GPA. At some point while we were sophomores, she haphazardly got another calendar from the workplace. Following the new calendar, she went to her top of the line and found that they had placed her in all specialized curriculum classes. Clearly she was befuddled and pset, so she called her mom and they went to the workplace to sift through what was obviously an error. The workplace expressed that it was anything but a slip-up. Clearly, the school had been asserting Rachel as significantly hard of hearing, which she was in a single ear, and requiring the uncommon consideration of some other kid with an extreme weakness. Also, obviously, the school was getting enormous extra assets due to Rachels debilitation; Shame on the school for realizing that they would get extra advantages for guaranteeing Rachel. What's more, disgrace on the state so far as that is concerned for giving the chool additional assets in light of the fact that poor people school was Just so kind as to manage all of Rachels uncommon needs because of hearing hindrance. Path expressed there are paternalistic universals and parallax in the attributions, and a case to an acculturating trouble that neglects to veil the advocates monetary intrigue (p49).

Economics commentary †China set to introduce new rules on smoking in public Essay

George Bizek :: essays research papers

     Georges Bizet, who is most popular for his show, Carmen, has remained to some degree a riddle similar to his melodic instruction, public activity, and individual life. He isn't care for such a large number of different writers and artists of the Sentimental Period who drove a profoundly broadcasted life like Hector Berlioz, Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, or Johannes Brahms. He went through his brief timeframe on earth committed to music what's more, he didn't exactly make it into the spotlight like these other Romantic writers. The most conceivable clarification for his indefinite quality would be the absence of embarrassment in his life. He had a glad adolescence, was all around granted with melodic grants, and a glad marriage.      Georges Bizet experienced childhood in a melodic house. His dad was a singing educator and his mom was a notable piano player who had gone to the Paris Studio. His folks empowered him in music. His dad was sure that his child would turn into an extraordinary performer. His dad was quite steady of his melodic instruction. He had been known to conceal youthful Georges' other textbooks so he would not be occupied from his melodic investigations. He gotten his first music exercise from his mom when he was only four years of age. She was encouraging him to peruse music simultaneously she was showing him his letters in order.      Bizet was taken a crack at the Paris Conservatory when he was nine years of age. This was an extraordinary special case orchestrated by his uncle who instructed at the Studio, since Bizet was as yet a year more youthful than the base age necessity. Here he concentrated piano, organ, singing, harp, strings, woodwinds, what's more, organization. His teachers were the authors Charles Gounod, who is known for his drama Faust, and who is viewed as the best melodic impact in Bizet's life. What's more, Jacque Halevy, who composed the drama LaJuive, is moreover thought about a significant melodic impact. He had an exceptional, unstructured educating style. Halevy would tune in to and right his understudies yet he would never expect them to do a particular kinds of structure. This was to influence Bizet for a mind-blowing duration as he would be known to begin and relinquish work after work. This was accused legitimately on Halevy's absence of order. At age fifteen, Halevy attempted to persuade Bizet to proceed to go after the Prix de Rome. Bizet denied locating his youthfulness and requirement for extra foundation.  â â â â During his time as an understudy he composed Symphony in C Major (1855), which was not performed during Bizet's lifetime, yet from it's first execution in 1935 it has become a built up ensemble in a standard collection. George Bizek :: articles look into papers      Georges Bizet, who is most popular for his drama, Carmen, has remained fairly a riddle similar to his melodic instruction, public activity, and individual life. He isn't care for such a significant number of different writers and artists of the Sentimental Period who drove an exceptionally broadcasted life like Hector Berlioz, Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, or Johannes Brahms. He consumed his brief timeframe on earth committed to music also, he didn't exactly make it into the spotlight like these other Romantic writers. The most acceptable clarification for his indefinite quality would be the absence of embarrassment in his life. He had an upbeat adolescence, was very much granted with melodic grants, and a glad marriage.      Georges Bizet experienced childhood in a melodic house. His dad was a singing educator and his mom was a notable piano player who had gone to the Paris Studio. His folks energized him in music. His dad was certain that his child would turn into an extraordinary artist. His dad was very strong of his melodic instruction. He had been known to shroud youthful Georges' other textbooks so he would not be occupied from his melodic investigations. He gotten his first music exercise from his mom when he was only four years of age. She was instructing him to peruse music simultaneously she was showing him his letter set.      Bizet was joined up with the Paris Conservatory when he was nine years of age. This was a unique special case organized by his uncle who instructed at the Center, since Bizet was as yet a year more youthful than the base age prerequisite. Here he concentrated piano, organ, singing, harp, strings, woodwinds, what's more, creation. His teachers were the writers Charles Gounod, who is known for his show Faust, and who is viewed as the best melodic impact in Bizet's life. What's more, Jacque Halevy, who composed the drama LaJuive, is too thought about a significant melodic impact. He had a one of a kind, unstructured educating style. Halevy would tune in to and right his understudies yet he would never expect them to do a particular kinds of arrangement. This was to influence Bizet for an incredible duration as he would be known to begin and surrender work after work. This was accused straightforwardly on Halevy's absence of control. At age fifteen, Halevy attempted to persuade Bizet to proceed to go after the Prix de Rome. Bizet denied locating his youthfulness and requirement for extra foundation.  â â â â During his time as an understudy he composed Symphony in C Major (1855), which was not performed during Bizet's lifetime, yet from it's first execution in 1935 it has become a built up orchestra in a standard collection.

Jurors Asking Questions During Trials

The trend of jurors asking questions while a trial is going on is becoming more popular in courtrooms across the country. There are some states that now require it by law, including Arizona, Colorado, and Indiana. Many times highly technical testimony may alienate the average juror to the point where they stop paying attention and begin faking that they understand what is being said. Due to this, lawyers have become more reluctant to take cases where they risk verdicts that are derived from uninformed and bored jurors who do not understand the applicable laws. Case studies of trials that have been reviewed have shown that when jurors could ask questions during the trial, there were fewer incidents of verdicts that lacked a sound understanding of the evidence that was presented.​ CEATS Inc. v. Continental Airlines Experimentation has been done to gauge the effectiveness of permitting jurors to ask questions during trial. An example was in the CEATS Inc. v. Continental Airlines trial. Chief Judge Leonard Davis asked jurors to write down questions that they had after each witness testified. Out of earshot of the jury, the lawyers and judge then reviewed each question, which did not identify which jury member asked it. The judge, with attorney input, selected the questions to ask and informed the jurors that the selected questions were decided by him, not the lawyers, to avoid a juror getting insulted or holding a grudge because their question was not selected. The attorneys could then expound on the questions, but were specifically asked not to include the jurors questions during their closing arguments. One of the major concerns of allowing jurors to ask questions was the amount of time it would take to review, select, and answer the questions. According to Alison K. Bennett, MS, in the article Eastern District of Texas Experiments with Jurors Questions During Trial, Judge Davis said that the additional time added about 15 minutes to the testimony of each witness. He also said that the jurors appeared more engaged and invested in the proceedings and that the questions asked showed a level of sophistication and understanding from the jury that was encouraging. The Pros of Allowing Jurors to Ask Questions Most jurors want to render a fair verdict based on their understanding of the testimony. If jurors are unable to obtain all the information that they need to make that decision, they may become frustrated with the process and ignore the evidence and testimony that they could not decipher. By becoming active participants in the courtroom, jurors get a more in-depth understanding of courtroom procedures, are less likely to misunderstand the facts of a case and develop a clearer perspective on which laws apply or do not apply to the case. Jurors questions can also help lawyers get a feel for what they are thinking and can influence how lawyers continue to present their cases. It is also a good tool to reference when preparing for future cases. The Cons of Allowing Jurors to Ask Questions The risks of allowing a jury to ask questions can mostly be controlled by how the procedure is handled, although there are still other problems that may arise. They include: A juror who wants to display their superior understanding of the case or one that talks too much could become taxing and annoying to other jurors as well as add unnecessary time to the trial proceedings. It also puts lawyers and judges at risk if they display signs of fatigue or annoyance with trying to control someone with these characteristics. The fallout could result in the juror feeling alienated and resentful which could have a harmful effect on jury deliberations.A question could be asked that jurors feel essential, but in reality, has little legal significance to the outcome of the trial. Such a question could end up carrying too much weight when jurors begin their deliberations.There is also a risk that the questions not asked by a jury could imply that they do not understand the evidence being presented or realize the significance of the evidence presented. Alternatively, it may mean that they do not have additional questions because they completely understand what has been presented. This could put lawyers at a disadvantage. If the jury does not understand the evidence enough to ask questions, a lawyer may change their strategy and spend more time with testimony that helps explain the evidence. However, if the jury does have a full understanding of the evidence, additional time spent on the same information could be viewed as repetitive and boring and the lawyer risks being audibly muted by jurors.The risk of a witness answering a jurors question that has been rendered inadmissible.Jurors may take the position of being an adversary of a witness rather than being interested in all of the facts of the case.Jurors may rate the importance of testimony if a judge does not elect to ask a witness a jurors question. They may feel it is not an important testimony because it was not worthy of additional time spent to review it.A question may be allowed by a judge by mistake and become the reason the verdict is later appealed.Lawyers fear losing control over th eir case and trial strategy, especially if a question is asked by a juror that lawyers have purposely avoided mentioning during a trial. There is a concern that jurors with questions may decide on their verdict too early. Procedure Determines Success of Jury Questions Most of the problems that could develop from jurors asking questions can be controlled by a strong judge, through careful review of the questions and through using a proactive process through which jurors can submit questions. If the judge is reading the questions, and not the jurors, a garrulous juror can then be controlled. Questions that do not have significant importance to the overall outcome of the trial can be skipped. Questions that appear to appear bias or are argumentative can be reworded or discarded. However, it does give the judge an opportunity to review the importance of jurors remaining impartial until the trial is over. Cases Studies of Jurors Asking Questions Professor Nancy Marder, director of IIT Chicago-Kents Jury Center and author of the book The Jury Process, researched the effectiveness of juror questions and determined that the justice is fully served when a jury is informed and understands all the mechanisms that go into their role as juror, including testimony given, evidence shown and how laws should or should not be applied. She goes on to emphasize that judges and lawyers can benefit by taking a more jury-centric approach to court proceedings, which means considering questions that jurors may have through the jurors perspective rather through their own. By doing so will improve the performance of the jury as a whole. It can also enable a jury to remain present and focused on what is going on, rather than have them obsess on an unanswered question. Unanswered questions could promote a feeling of apathy towards the remainder of the trial if they fear that they have failed to understand important testimony. Understanding the Dynamics of a Jury In Marders article, Answering Jurors Questions: Next Steps in Illinois, she looks at the pros and cons of several examples of what can happen when jurors are permitted or legally bound to ask questions, and one major point that she mentions is in regards to the dynamics that occur among a jury. She discusses how within groups of jurors there is a tendency for those who failed to understand testimony to look to other jurors who they deem as being better informed. That person ultimately becomes an authority figure in the room. Often their opinions carry more weight and will have more influence over what the jurors decide. When jurors questions are answered, it helps create an environment of equality and each juror can participate and contribute to the deliberations rather than being dictated to by those who appear to have all the answers. If debate does arise, all jurors can inject their knowledge into the discussion without feeling uninformed. By doing this, jurors are more likely to vote independently, rather than to be overly influenced by a single juror. According to Marders research, the positive results of jurors moving out of passive roles of observers to active roles that allow them to ask questions have far outweighed the more negative concerns of lawyers and judges.​​​

plotlear Parallel Plots of Shakespeares King Lear Essay

The Parallel Plots of Shakespeares King Lear Many works of literature contain parallel plots in which similar actions taken by various characters precipitate identical results. Upon careful examination, it is evident that â€Å"such plots exist in Shakespeares play King Lear with the deaths of King Lear, Cordelia, Edmund, and Goneril, among others† (Curry 17). The betrayal of a commitment to an authority figure is the cause behind each of the above characters death. Likewise, the consistent loyalty of Kent, the Fool, and Edgar is rewarded when they outlive their traitorous peers. King Lear, who as a divine-right king derives his power from God, betrays Gods will when he transfers his kingdom to his daughters,†¦show more content†¦In the beginning of the play, Lear is in the process of dividing up his kingdom and confides in Kent that Goneril, Reagan, and Cordelia will each receive equal shares. Also, Lear decides that Cordelia should receive the more desirable central region of the kingdom. Before announcing his decision, Lear requests that each of his daughters declare her undying love for him in order to receive a portion of the kingdom. While Goneril and Reagan tell Lear what he wants to hear, rebellious Cordelia refuses to play along in Lears game and declares: I love your Majesty/ According to my bond, no more nor less (Shakespeare 4). Lear interprets Cordelias unwillingness to embellish as disloyalty and, as a result, grants her no land and disowns her. Cordelias refusal to declare her extraordinary love for her father was only her first traitorous act. After losing the land that was to serve as her dowry, Cordelia is married to the King of France. Cordelia owes the King of France much gratitude since marrying a bride without a dowry was a virtually unheard of practice at the time. However, Cordelia soon betrays her role as the Queen of France in Act IV Scene IV when she states: No blown ambition doth our arms incite, / But love, dear love, and our aged fathers right (Shakespeare 91). As the Queen of France, a longtime enemy of England, the objective of any invasion mounted by Cordelia should be

Ir The Iranian Identity - 3660 Words

Images from Iran: Iranian Identity in the Global World Globalization is defined as the ‘world becoming a small global village’ where all countries merge into a mosaic of one multicultural free communication of information village. Yet, if globalization is supposed to enhance the relationships between different cultures, making the whole world one nation, it drastically fails, due to the many differences between the world’s nations. Iran is one example of a country nation that has been detached from the global structure. With all the studies that have been made on Iran, the 1979 Revolution caused the West to treat Iran with great bias, in a similar fashion to the prevailing bias against the entire Eastern region. Iran has since been†¦show more content†¦I will analyze Iranian society, with reference to postcolonial theories employing different approaches. First, I will explain the general idea behind postcolonial theory, specifically orientalism, as it is one major approach in postcolonial studies. Then I wi ll look at some historical aspects of Iranian identity development, discussing various events that have affected the psyche of Iranians as a community. I will focus on Tehran’s metropolitan area as it is the major city in Iran. As an outsider to Iranian culture inside Iran I am aware that my approach will contain inherent bias, however, trying to limit this will be my goal throughout the essay. Also, limited space may not permit a long detailed view of all my research, but I shall attempt to convey my main point concisely. The main interest in postcolonial theory is what happens to people during and after colonialism. Splitting in straight lines self from other by purifying the self, is one discussion in postcolonial theory. Naturally, people view each other globally within the concept of ‘Them and Us’. One’s identity is often defined through encounters with differing cultures. Edward Said is considered the founder of postcolonial theory. In 1978 Said wrote a controversial book called Orientalism. He attempts to explain the geographical division between the West, the Occident and

Leverage Strategy in Business Ethics †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Leverage Strategy in Business Ethics. Answer: Introduction Business ethics have always played a vital role in the growth and development of most business organizations by positively contributing to increased productivity by ensuring that business practices and operations are conducted by the organizational standards with the aim of meeting the organizational, individual and stakeholders expectations are met. Ethical standards or factors are therefore important in decision making especially when an unethical behavior occurs affecting the reputation of the organization as well as the stakeholders of the company (Burrell, 2017). Unethical dealing or behavior is acting outside of what an individual or organization considers being morally right or proper. Workplace ethics are important as they ensure that there is transparency in business dealings and builds investor or customer trust with an organization. However, an organizational ethical culture is shaped by effective leadership. Organizational leadership has however been faced with ethical di lemmas in which they find themselves in a situation to choose between two options neither of which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable manner (Arnold, 2016). Various theoretical concepts or models have been developed to help in understanding the basis of ethical decision-making and leadership in many organizations who may be facing or accused of unethical dealings or experiencing ethical dilemmas. These theories include utilitarian theory, stakeholder approaches theory, the interrogative social contracts theory, the justice approach theory among others. This essay will therefore provide the theoretical framework of the unethical dealings of the Wells Fargo Company in which her employees were found to have created fake accounts in the name of their real customers. The creation of such accounts was found to be an unethical behavior or dealing and resulted to damaged reputation of the company as well as loss of customers confidence and trust with the company (Fryer, 2016). The study will also examine the application of the theoretical concepts, in this case, the utilitarian theory and the stakeholder theory in understanding the company uneth ical dealings and how they could be solved as well as why ethical behavior is important for the future growth and development of the company. Brief overview of the Wells Fargo Company Wells Fargo and Company is an international bank in America that works as a financial services holding company. It is the 10th largest bank in the world and has its headquarters in San Francisco in the US. It was formed by William Fargo and Henry Wells and has total assets of $ 1 930.12B. The company has been operating on three different segments including community and wholesale banking, wealth, and investment banking. It also offers retail, commercial services, and corporate banking to its customers through the internet and other distribution channels to individuals and other distribution, businesses and institutions in over 50 states in the US as well as in other countries (Cavico Mujtaba, 2017). The company has been faced with great ethical issues of concern since 2011 however through relevant investigations in the year2015 and 2016 it was found that the company employees were creating fake accounts in the name of real customers. According to the investigation by the Federal regulators, it was found that the company employees had secretly created millions of unauthorized bank and credit card accounts without the knowledge of their customers. This effect led to the accounts earning the banks unwarranted fees and allowed Wells Fargo employees to boost their salary figures and an opportunity to make more money (Francs-Gmez et al., 2015). Another reason for opening or creating the multiple accounts as investigated by the director or management of the consumer service financial protection Bureau found that the employees created these accounts to hit their sales targets and receive bonuses. This shoddy behavior led to the firing of 5300 employees form the company who were held responsible for the unethical behavior (Neesham Gu, 2015). From the investigation by the regulators, it was found that the employees had moved funds from existing customer accounts that ended up making the customers be charged with insufficient funds and overdrafts due to the insufficiency of funds in their original accounts. It was also found that the financial institution had submitted an application for 565 443 credit accounts without their customer's consent or knowledge was 14, 000 of these accounts were found to have incurred over $ 400000 in fees, including annual fees, interest charges and overdrafts (Kaptein, 2017). These charges were to be paid to the respective customers by the Bank in which the management of the company recognized its mistakes and committed itself to taking full responsibility irresponsibility of its workers that calls for a need to make a change to its sales practices as well as its internal oversight. Such unethical behavior by the employees as well as lack of oversight and internal control by the company, therefore, resulted in lack or reduction of customers confidence and trust and many customers have been advised to look for other banks to invest or make their deposits to. Such behavior has led to an increased burden of costs to the bank in paying for the charges and the overdrafts in the customers accounts as well as the burden of rebuilding its destroyed reputation. Organizations are required to act responsibly by practicing in ethical standards that ensure they achieve social corporate responsibility (Preuss et al., 2016). Theoretical perspectives of business ethics and decision-making Different theoretical concepts and school of thoughts have been developed to help different organizations make decisions and act appropriately in event of unethical behaviors in their organizations. The theoretical concepts and frameworks provide different insights and understanding of evaluating different behaviors in an organization to help minimize the occurrence of unethical behaviors with appropriate internal control mechanisms (Doh et al., 2016). Some of these theoretical frameworks include the utilitarian theory, the stakeholder theory and integrative social contract theory among others. However, this study will focus on the understanding of utilitarian theory as well as the stakeholder's approach theory in understanding the business ethics surrounding the situation faced by Wells Fargo and company in understanding her employees unethical behavior. The theory was developed and proposed by Jeremy Bethany and John Stuart Mills to help in understanding normative ethics that define the morality of individual or organizational actions. The theory is based on the principle that an individual or organization moral action is one that maximizes utility or happiness for the greatest number of people and the fact that actions are right or moral in proportion as they tend to promote happiness or well-being for the greater good of all (Rath, 2016). It is believed that any ethical theory, moral standards are separable into good and bad. The utilitarian theory argues that the good morals are defined as the existence of pleasure and absence of pain that is described as a utility. In this case, the utility is used to refer to any action that maximizes total benefit while reducing negative consequences of the largest number of people that simply means that something or a behavior is good if it does better than harm for many people (Cavico Mujta ba, 2017). This theory is one of the best-known and most influential moral theories and its main idea is that whether actions are morally right or wrong depends on their effects. And therefore the utilitarians believe that the purpose of morality is to make life better by increasing the amount of ethical behavior for most business organizations and the corporate world at large (Yazdani Murad, 2015). The utilitarian reasoning can applicable for many purposes. One of the purposes includes moral reasoning by employees in the organization and for any rational decision-making. This theory, therefore, can be used in understanding the unethical behavior facing the Wells Fargo company and arising from her employees. Since the theory advocates for ethical behavior to be practiced for the greater good of all other people and not only for an individual gain it can be concluded that the employees of Wells Fargo Company did not mind about the company reputation and its social corporate responsibility to it s stakeholders and more so to the company customers. Criticism of the theory However the theory despite its importance in understanding business ethics it has been criticized by different scholars for a number of reasons in which according to them the theory does not meet their threshold of understanding business behavior. One of the critics of the theory has been that the theory has been criticized to be distasteful suggesting that the theory does not provide enough support for individual rights (Bhasa, 2017). The argument, in this case, is that it overemphasizes of moral actions that promote the greater good of all without taking into account the individual rights. If this critic were to hold true in our case it would mean that, the employees were right to create fake accounts so that they may hit their target. The creation of such accounts is not the case as it is a business ethics to conduct business operations having in mind the effect it will bring to all the stakeholders in the company that is what this theory was promoting and therefore this critic ca n be said to be irrelevant in making organizational decisions. The theory has also been criticized of impossibility meaning that the theory is not applicable in which the people criticizing the application of the theory based their idea on the fact that it is impossible to measure happiness or utility o consumers or customers. However, in our case, it is possible to measure the utility of the bank's customers based on their exhibited behavior towards the bank (Ayios et al., 2014). If the organization does not meet the demands and expectations of their customers then the customers will look for other banks, when the bank employees act in any unethical manner the productivity of the company is reduced as well as the confidence of the people with the bank that can be measured. Lastly, the theory has been positively criticized for insufficiency of the scope for not using some important source of information to explain happiness or satisfaction. The theory can integrate other sources of information in relation to the social corporate responsibility o f business practices for the theory to become even more relevant in the future (Fok et al., 2016). Personal evaluation of the theory and the unethical behaviors of the Wells Fargo Employees The theory of utilitarian on my personal perspective plays an important role in understanding the basis of acting morally under the principle that a good or moral action should be of maximum benefit to the greater population other than just an individual. This means that an individual before committing any unethical behavior he or she should look at the impact that action will have on other people before looking to the common good he or she would receive from such an act. In this case, therefore, the employees of Wells could have thought of the impact of their behavior to the customers and to the organizations at large before thinking of their personal motives that later did cost them their jobs and put the company into a financial crisis. The self-interests and motives of hitting their sales targets as well as increasing their income made them overlook the greater good of the company and its customers. The theory is therefore relevant and can be used by the organization to teach the employees about the importance of putting the interests of the customers first and conducting their business activities in an ethical manner. This theory was developed or proposed by Freeman in a bid to explain the concepts of business ethics in an organization. The theory suggests, therefore, that the purpose of a business is always to create as much value as possible for stakeholders and therefore for the business to succeed and become sustainable in future the business executives must keep the interests of the customers and all other stakeholders in the business aligned and going in the same direction. The theory, therefore, argues that every business creates or destroys customer values as well as that of the communities, suppliers, financiers, and employees. The general idea about the theory is that it tries to answer what an organization should be and how it shall be conceptualized. The theory or concept it should be thought of as a grouping of stakeholders and the purpose of the organization is said that it should be aimed at managing the stakeholders needs, interests, and recipients. The business stakeholders, in this case, include customers, local communities, employees, shareholders, as well as distributors. The theory, therefore, builds a framework responsive to the concerns of the managers who are being confronted with unprecedented levels of environmental change. The company decisions in many ways affect the stakeholders and therefore the company through the managers has to build specific ethics principles whereas decisions made out of consideration of their impacts are usually ought to be. Therefore, the theory is important in the analysis of the behavior of Wells Fargo company employees and provides a vital role for the managem ent of the company to respond appropriately to enhance the company internal control mechanisms as well as the decision-making processes of the company. Criticisms of the stakeholder theory The theory has however been criticized by a number of people for a number of reasons in which most critics just like Teppo feels that the theory is not sufficient and therefore offers an unrealistic view of how organizations operate (Lankoski et al., 2016). In his view, an organization is said to be a shell that can be written upon freely by various groups surrounding the company that lay a claim to the company. Therefore, the functions of the company do not revolve around meeting the interests of their stakeholders but operate in a broader perspective in which it has to achieve certain goals and objectives. The theory has also been criticized that it does not sufficiently explain why a stakeholder is as it broad. It suggests that the company stakeholder community should include everyone who is affected by an organization. However, the argument the critics are of the view that the theory should distinguish between non stakeholders influencers in the company and the true influencers as the concept of stakeholdership is a concept which is more than just a union o influence and impact (Bridoux et al., 2016). Lastly, the theory has also been criticized as lacking an explicit specification of the relationship between stakeholders and economic reasoning. This is because the theory in one hand has achieved a certain degree of acceptance in the company strategic management functions but on the other hand, there is substantial economic resistance to the shareholders (Schneider et al., 2017). However, the criticisms do not affect the relevance of the theory in defining the organizational responsib ility towards shareholders as it the case Wells Fargo Company that has a great responsibility towards the stakeholder community. Personal evaluation of the theory in relation to Wells Fargo Unethical behavior This theory, therefore, provides a basis of understanding of the responsibility and the role-played by the company management team and especially by the manager in meeting the demands of the company stakeholders. In other words, managers have a greater responsibility towards the stakeholders of the company other than just in the economic value of the company and will do anything, in this case, to meet and protect the interests of the stakeholders. For instance, in the case of our company in which the employees created fake accounts using the real names of customers. The company reputation and image was destroyed and the company had to take full responsibility to ensure that it owns its mistakes as a company for lack of internal control mechanisms to deal with such issues and committed itself in compensation of the loss incurred by their customers who form part of their stakeholders. Despite the mistakes arising from stakeholders, the company had to deal with them separately after own ing to their mistakes as a company. Conclusion Business ethics in any organized form a very important role in enhancing the growth and development of the company as well as helping the company to become socially and corporately responsible. Every organization has an established ethics and code of conducts that have been developed to guide the company operations according to the established standards and ensuring that they minimize the chances of unethical behavior from the employees or any other which may affect the growth and development of the company (Kristen, 2015). A good leadership is very important as it helps in promotion of an effective organizational ethical culture. The managers must take into consideration ethical factors as they may influence the management and the company leadership to make sound decisions to protect organizations from unethical behavior. Unethical behavior can have negative impacts and implications to the growth of a company from destroying the reputation of the company, loss of confidence with the company by stakeholders from both prospective and potential customers as well as to the community in which the company serves (Ketokivi Mahoney, 2016). It is therefore important for Wells and Fargo Company to work on its ethics and code of conduct in order to improve the performance of the company and restore the company lost glory and reputation. Due to this matter, it is therefore recommended that the company should adopt a policy measure that takes into account the ethical behavior of the employees and defines their responsibility toward the company stakeholders and especially towards the customers (GrandySliwa, 2017). It is also recommended that the company should also develop an internal control measure that takes into account the monitoring and evaluation of the activities and operations of every employee in the organization. Such a measure will ensure these unethical behaviors are established and determined early enough before they put the company into great financial crisis as well as help company develop effective measures for those found culprits of unethical behavior in the company. References Arnold, D. G. (2016).Three Models of Impactful Business Ethics Scholarship.Business Ethics Quarterly, 26(4), ix-xii. doi:10.1017/beq.2016.69 Ayios, A., Jeurissen, R., Manning, P., Spence, L. J. (2014). Social capital: a review from an ethics perspective. Business Ethics: A European Review, 23(1), 108-124. doi:10.1111/beer.12040 Bhasa, M. P. (2017). Normative Ethical Theories as Frameworks for Better Corporate Governance: A Practitioner's Perspective. IUP Journal Of Corporate Governance, 16(2), 29-38 Bridoux, F., Stoelhorst, J. W. (2016). Stakeholder Relationships And Social Welfare: A Behavioral Theory Of Contributions To Joint Value Creation. Academy Of Management Review, 41(2), 229-251. doi:10.5465/amr.2013.0475 Burrell, G. g. (2017).Virtual Special Issue on 'Sociology and Business Ethics'.Journal Of Business Ethics, 144(1), 1-4 Cavico, F. J., Mujtaba, B. G. (2017). Wells Fargo's Fake Accounts Scandal and its Legal and Ethical Implications for Management. SAM Advanced Management Journal (07497075), 82(2), 4-19 Doh, J., Husted, B. W., Yang, X. (2016). Guest Editors Introduction: Ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Developing Country Multinationals. Business Ethics Quarterly, 26(3), 301-315. doi:10.1017/beq.2016.40 Fok, L. y., Payne, D. d., Corey, C. c. (2016). Cultural Values, Utilitarian Orientation, and Ethical Decision Making: A Comparison of U.S. and Puerto Rican Professionals. Journal Of Business Ethics, 134(2), 263-279. Francs-Gmez, P., Sacconi, L., Faillo, M. (2015).Experimental economics as a method for normative business ethics. Business Ethics: A European Review, 24S41-S53. doi:10.1111/beer.12096 Fryer, M. m. (2016).A Role for Ethics Theory in Speculative Business Ethics Teaching.Journal Of Business Ethics, 138(1), 79-90. Grandy, G. g., Sliwa, M. m. (2017). Contemplative Leadership: The Possibilities for the Ethics of Leadership Theory and Practice. Journal Of Business Ethics, 143(3), 423-440 Kaptein, M. m. (2017). The Battle for Business Ethics: A Struggle Theory. Journal Of Business Ethics, 144(2), 343-361 Ketokivi, M., Mahoney, J. T. (2016). Transaction Cost Economics As a Constructive Stakeholder Theory. Academy Of Management Learning Education, 15(1), 123-138. doi:10.5465/amle.2015.0133 Kristen, J. (2015). Stakeholders Theory- How They Influence The Business Policy. Scholedge International Journal Of Business Policy Governance, 2(4), 14-17 Lankoski, L., Smith, N. C., Van Wassenhove, L. (2016).Stakeholder Judgments of Value. Business Ethics Quarterly, 26(2), 227-256. doi:10.1017/beq.2016.28 Neesham, C. c., Gu, J. j. (2015). Strengthening Moral Judgment: A Moral Identity-Based Leverage Strategy in Business Ethics Education.Journal Of Business Ethics, 131(3), 527-534 Preuss, L., Barkemeyer, R., Glavas, A. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Country Multinationals: Identifying Company and Country-Level Influences. Business Ethics Quarterly, 26(3), 347-378. doi:10.1017/beq.2016.42 Rath, A. K. (2016). Emerging Landscape of Corporate Ethics and Social Responsibility - Challenges and Options.Journal Of Institute Of Public Enterprise, 39(3/4), 137-154. Schneider, T. t., Sachs, S. s. (2017). The Impact of Stakeholder Identities on Value Creation in Issue-Based Stakeholder Networks. Journal Of Business Ethics, 144(1), 41-57 Yazdani, N. S., Murad, H. r. (2015).Toward an Ethical Theory of Organizing.Journal Of Business Ethics, 127(2), 399-417

Health care Reforms in G8 Countries and Turkey

Introduction One of the main objectives of the governments of G8 countries is to promote and improve the health status of their citizens. In order to achieve this objective, G8 countries have focused on providing effective, accessible, as well as, affordable health care to their citizens. Consequently, health care policies in G8 countries revolve around two fundamental issues.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Health care Reforms in G8 Countries and Turkey specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first issue is the manner in which a basic package of high quality health care should be provided. The second issue is how to â€Å"finance and manage health services in away that guarantees their availability and accessibility† (Parmmolli, Riccaboni, Magazzini, 2011). In order to address these issues, health care has been considered a public good in G8 countries. A public good is normally provided by the gove rnment and benefits everyone in the community. The governments of G8 countries are, thus, justified to provide health care services due to the following reasons. First, majority of the citizens can not access health services due to the high costs (Parmmolli, Riccaboni, Magazzini, 2011). Consequently, the governments provide health services in order to promote access regardless of the ability to pay. Second, health care is a basic right of all citizens, and thus, it should be provided by the government. Additionally, there are no substitutes for health care. Hence all citizens must be able to access quality health services. Third, the governments are able to mobilize additional funds for health care by providing universal health cover to their citizens (Parmmolli, Riccaboni, Magazzini, 2011). The additional funds are used to improve the quality of health care services. Finally, a healthy nation tends to be more productive. This has prompted G8 governments to provide affordable heal th services in order to enhance their productivity (Arrieta Guillein, 2011). This paper focuses on the health care reforms in the G8 countries. Health care in G8 Countries in the Last 15 Years The G8 consists of the eight largest economies in the world. Despite the fact that all G8 countries are developed, some of them have poor health care systems. The quality of health care among the G8 countries depends on the availability of resources and health policies adopted by each country. In the last fifteen years, health services in G8 countries, except US, have been provided by the governments. The governments either provided the services directly or contracted private providers to deliver the services. However, the percentage of health care costs paid by the governments varies from country to country. For example, in UK the government pays all the fees while in Japan, the patient pays between 10% and 30% of the total cost (Claudia, 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Both taxation and national health insurance covers are used to finance health services in the G8 countries. Unlike other G8 countries, health care in US is mainly financed through private insurance. The health covers are either provided by the employers or purchased directly by the citizens. The US government has minimal participation in the provision of health services. The health care programs that are supported by the US government include Medicaid and Medicare. Generally, access to quality health services has increased in most G8 countries. The UK, German and France have had the best health care systems in terms of quality, accessibility and affordability (Claudia, 2010). In these countries, the governments pay for nearly all health care expenses. Additionally, a lot of capital is invested in the health care sectors. Russia’s health care system remained ineffective in the last fifteen years due to poor management and lack of financial resources. The US health system has also recorded poor performance in the last fifteen years. In particular, high costs prevent majority of US citizens from accessing quality health services (Juni, 2006). Nearly all G8 countries have faced challenges in providing health services. The common challenges include rising costs, inadequate personnel and declining service quality. These challenges have promoted the G8 governments to reform their health care systems. Health Care Reforms In UK, health care reforms began in 1948 with the establishment of the National Health Services (NHS). The objective NHS is to â€Å"provide health care for all citizens based on need and not the ability to pay† (Juni, 2006). NHS is funded by the public through taxation. All legal residents of UK are eligible for the services offered by NHS, irrespective of their nationalities or tax history. NHS hospitals provide all medical services in cluding surgeries and prescriptions free of charge. Additionally, meals, care workers, ambulance services, therapies and in-clinic nursing services are provided for free (Claudia, 2010). Only general physicians are allowed to refer a patient for acute care in a NHS hospital. The general physicians are also given feedback on the treatment given to the patient and recommendations for follow up actions. In US, earlier reforms in the health care system involved the formation of the â€Å"Veterans Health Administration, the Military Healthcare System and the Indian Health Services† (Juni, 2006). These programs provide subsidized health care services to specific groups such as the military. Publicly funded programs such as Medicaid and Medicare provide subsidized health care to vulnerable groups such as the poor, the old (over 65 years) and the disabled. Major reforms began in 2010, with the enactment of the new health reforms bill. The new health bill aims at improving access to h ealth services through universal health cover. Under the new legislation, all US citizens will be required by law to obtain health insurance (Arrieta Guillein, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Health care Reforms in G8 Countries and Turkey specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The government will provide tax credits to those living below the poverty line to enable them obtain health insurance. Insurance companies will be prohibited from refusing to offer covers to citizens with preconditions. The health insurance covers will cater for all medical services demanded by all US citizens. Russia adopted a socialist approach to provide health care between 1917 and 1990. During this period, the government provided all health care services through taxation (Claudia, 2010). Thus, all citizens were able to access services such as prescriptions, surgeries, therapies and other treatments for free. Following the c ollapse of the Soviet Union, Russia adopted a mixed model of healthcare provision (Claudia, 2010). In this case, the private and public sector participates in financing and provision of health services. The private sector provides health insurance and health facilities while the government subsidizes the cost of treatment and also provides health workers (Parmmolli, Riccaboni, Magazzini, 2011). Reforms in Turkey’s health care system began in 2003. The reform program â€Å"aims at increasing the ratio of private to state health provision and making health care available to all citizens† (Feldster, 2009). Private insurance companies partnered with private hospitals to provide quality health care. In 2006, laws that facilitate provision of universal health cover were enacted in order to enhance access to health services. The government funds nearly 70% while the private sector funds 30% of all health expenses (Feldster, 2009). The family practitioner model was introduced in 2010 to provide low cost medical services by local doctors. The family practitioner model provides treatment to citizens of all ages. Members of a family can receive treatment from the same doctor. However, the doctors are not specialized, and thus, services such as surgery are obtained in centralized government hospitals. Healthcare in Germany is provided by the government through a universal health cover system. The insurance cover is provided in two forms namely the sickness fund and private insurance (Agrell Bogetoft, 2001). Membership in sickness funds is compulsory and contributions are made by employers and employees. Overall, the government funds nearly 77% of the total health care budget. The remaining 23% is funded by the private sector (Agrell Bogetoft, 2001). The funding from both the government and private sectors caters for treatment, medicine costs, as well as, the cost of staying in hospitals. Following a sharp increase in costs, the government introduced new h ealth financing reforms in 2007 through an act of parliament.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The new legislation guarantees access to health insurance, and provides incentives to enhance effective coordination of health care (Arrieta Guillein, 2011). Additionally, it introduced a unitary contribution rate, and enhanced competition among insurers, hence reducing the cost of health insurance. The French health system is funded through pension schemes, family allowances, as well as, health insurance. Pensions and family allowances are managed as a national fund. There are also smaller funds that cater for workers in specific professions. All health â€Å"funds are private but are highly regulated by the government† (Parmmolli, Riccaboni, Magazzini, 2011). The funds cater for hospital care, prescriptions, cash benefits and outpatient services. The other services offered include preventive care for mothers and children which are provided through community –based health facilities. Health workers such as nurses, midwives social workers are provided to care for chi ldren and other patients. Health care in Italy is financed and provided by both the government and the private sector. The government provides health care through the National Health Services (NHS). NHS pays the family doctors, nurses, and the costs of treatment. However, medicinal drugs can not be obtained without a doctor’s prescription (Parmmolli, Riccaboni, Magazzini, 2011). The drugs prescribed by a family doctor are partly paid for by the patient. Over-the-counter drugs, on the other hand, are fully paid for by the patient. The family doctor is assigned to a maximum of 1500 patients and must visit the patients at least five times in week. Both Japan and Canada have universal health covers through which they provide health care to their citizens. In Japan, the government pays 70% of the health care costs while the patient pays the remaining 30%. The funds from the government cater for parental care, disease control, and screening examinations (Agrell Bogetoft, 2001). P atients can access medical services from doctors of their choice, and have a right to health insurance from any provider. In Canada, health care is provided freely at the point of treatment or use (Arrieta Guillein, 2011). Health services are mainly provided by private organizations. However, the government regulates the private providers in order to enhance the quality of health care. The government pays for the drugs, treatment and salaries of the health workers. Effectiveness of the G8 Health Care Systems In general, the reforms adopted by the G8 countries have helped them to improve the effectiveness of their health systems. At least 85% of Canadians are satisfied with their health care system. The Canadian health system is also cost-effective since 96.2% of adults spend less than five percent of their disposable income on medical expenses such as prescription drugs (Arrieta Guillein, 2011). In UK, the reforms have enabled the government to deliver health services closer to th ose who need them most. Consequently, health care costs have significantly reduced, and the service quality has improved tremendously. In Turkey, the increased participation of the private sector raised competition for patients. Consequently, the quality of health care in public and private hospitals has improved. The number of health practitioners and health facilities has increased by 30% following the introduction the family practitioner model (Claudia, 2010). Majority of the rural population can now access health care through universal health cover and government subsidies. The life expectancy in German increased to 78 years while the infant mortality rate reduced to 4.7 for ever 1,000 live births. Currently, German is one of the countries with the highest number of physicians (Claudia, 2010). The health financing reforms introduced in 2007, has enabled majority of Germans to access better health care through health covers. The French health system is considered the best in Euro pe and among the G8 member countries. This is because it provides a variety of high quality health care services for free. At least 65% of France’s citizens are satisfied with their health system. Italy’s health system is the second best after the French system. At least 95% of Italians are able to access quality medical services. In Japan and Canada, access to medical services has significantly increased in the last decade. Unlike other G8 countries, U.S and Russia still have ineffective health care systems. Russia has the worse health system among the G8 countries. Its health system initially helped in reducing infectious diseases and increased bed capacities in hospitals (Feldster, 2009). However, the introduction of the mixed model led to inefficiency in the health system. Consequently, the health of Russia’s population has deteriorated in nearly all measures. In United States, the main challenge is high costs of accessing health care. Additionally, the qual ity of health services is very low. Only 40% of US citizens are satisfied with their health care system (Arrieta Guillein, 2011). However, the challenges facing the United States’ health care system are likely to be addressed by the new health reforms laws. In conclusion, providing health care through universal health covers has enabled most G8 countries to achieve the objective of delivering quality and affordable health care. However, the existing health care systems are still faced with challenges such as rising costs, inefficiency and administration problems (Parmmolli, Riccaboni, Magazzini, 2011). Role of the Private Sector In all G8 countries, health care services are provided by both the government and the private sector. The government and the private sector participate in financing and actual provision of health care services. The private sector plays three fundamental roles which include the following. First, private health providers deliver health care services d irectly to the citizens. The private providers include private hospitals, doctors working in the private sector and private health organizations (Feldster, 2009). Second, private insurance companies provide covers that enable citizens to access medical services. Finally, employers in the private sector help in financing health care by purchasing health covers for their employees. The extent to which the private sector participates in the provision of health care varies from country to country. United States has the highest percentage of private sector participation in the provision of health care services. Nearly 70% of US citizens access medical services through private insurance. The insurance covers are directly purchased by citizens and employers (Feldster, 2009). In France, the private sector dominates in the provision of health covers. All insurance plans or health funds are arranged by the private sector under the regulation of the government. In Japan, the private sector fun ds only 30% of the health care costs. Besides, the government provides most health care services through public health facilities (Juni, 2006). There is minimal involvement of the private sector in UK, Canada, German, Turkey and Italy. In these countries, the governments pay for at least 75% of the total health care costs. Most health care facilities are owned by the government and the health workers are directly paid by the governments. In countries such as Italy and UK, the services provided in public hospitals are better than in most private hospitals. Private verses Public The above analysis indicates that access to quality and affordable health care is high in G8 countries where health services are provided by the public sector (government). However, in US where the private sector dominates the provision of health care, medical services are inaccessible and of low quality. Thus, we can conclude that the public sector can provide health care in a better way than the private sect or. The effectiveness of the public sector can be explained by the following reasons. First, empirical studies reveal that 1% of the population pays for nearly 25% of health care costs. 50% of the population pays for only 3% of the health care costs (Parmmolli, Riccaboni, Magazzini, 2011). Since, a high percentage of health care costs are paid by the minority, pooling of resources through a compulsory universal health cover becomes apparent. It is only the government that has the capacity to implement a compulsory universal health cover (Juni, 2006). Second, provision of health care by the public sector addresses equity issues. Since the private sector is driven by the profit motive, it restricts access to health care through the price mechanism (Feldster, 2009). The public sector, on the other hand, enables everyone to access health care regardless of their purchasing power (Arrieta Guillein, 2011). Second, provision of health care by the public sector improves the quality of hea lth services. For instance, the additional resources resulting from a universal cover can be used to acquire more health facilities. Third, provision of a public good such health care requires a high level of administration that a single enterprise can not arrange. It is only the government that can arrange for such high level of administration through its ministries (Arrieta Guillein, 2011). Additionally, the private sector might not be able to access the large capital that is required to offer universal health covers. Fourth, providing health care through publicly owned universal covers is likely to be more acceptable than private insurance (Juni, 2006). This is because a universal cover is relatively cheaper and is not subject to contractual obligations. Finally, the rapid economic growth in G8 countries provides a favorable environment for implementing universal health care (Claudia, 2010). The high employment rates in G8 countries means that majority of the citizens can contri bute to health funds. Additionally, G8 countries have high tax revenues that can be used to meet the costs of health care services. Conclusion Health care is an important sector since it determines the productivity and welfare of the population. It is against this backdrop that G8 countries have focused on providing affordable and quality health care to their citizens. Health care is considered a public good in most of the G8 countries. Consequently, the governments are more involved than the private sector in the funding and provision of health services. All G8 countries, except the US, provide health care through universal insurance covers and taxation (Feldster, 2009). In US, the private sector dominates in the provision of health care through private health insurance. The governments pay for the costs of treatment, prescription drugs, costs of staying in hospitals and the salaries of health workers. The private sector mainly participates in the provision of health covers (Arriet a Guillein, 2011). The challenges facing G8 countries in providing health care services include rising costs, mismanagement of funds and inadequate funds. In general, provision of health care through the public sector has enabled G8 countries to provide affordable and quality health care to their citizens. Thus, we can conclude that the public sector can provide better health care than the private sector. References Agrell, P., Bogetoft, P. (2001). DEA-Based Incentive Regimes in Health Care Provison. Journal of Economics and Management, 3(2), 78-91. Arrieta, A., Guillein, J. (2011). The Private Health Care Sector and the Provison of Parental Crae Services in America. World Development, 39(4) , 579-587. Claudia, C. (2010). Macrosystematic Reforms in the Health Care System for Eastern European Countries. Journal of Economics and Management, 10(2), 124-128. Feldster, M. (2009). Balancing the Goal of Health Care Provision. Social Science and Medicine, 31(6), 45-49. Juni, M. (2006). P ublic Health Care Provision: Access and Equity. Social Science and Medicine, 43(5), 759-768. Parmmolli, F., Riccaboni, M., Magazzini, L. (2011). The Sustainability of European Health Care System: Beyond Income and Ageing. Journal of Economic s and Management, 10(1), 199-209. This research paper on Health care Reforms in G8 Countries and Turkey was written and submitted by user Avery Estes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Ryanair airline Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ryanair airline - Case Study Example Yet it raises opportunities for the low-fare carrier segment, such as Ryanair that is a rising star in the skies of Europe, having been performing well post 9/11. The aim of this report is to analyse the overall performance of Ryanair in the fast-changing environment, and then few recommendations will be provided. Conclusions will be drawn at the end of this report. Irish-owned Ryanair, founded in 1985, began to introduce a low cost operating model in the early 1990s. The company primarily serves short-haul, point-to-point routes that target business commuters and leisure travellers by offering low, multi-tier fare pricing and sngle-classs air transportation. Having overtaken EasyJet, Ryanair is now the largest low-cost carrier in Europe In January 2000. (Doganis, 2001) The company offers approximately 475 scheduled flights per day serving 84 locations in 14 EU countries. The worldwide commercial aviation has suffered from terrorist attacks of 9/11. The tragedy dramatically decreases the number of passengers and pushed Airline industry facing deterioration in their financial positions. Similarly, impact of SARS and Iraq War reduce willingness of people to travel outside their countries. Since 1997, the Euro... For example, any airlines holding a valid Air Operators Certificate in the EU have right to operate on any route within the European Union, including flights wholly operating within another country. On May 1st 2004, ten new members joined the EU as part of EU enlargement. The era of single European sky related to Open-Sky Treaty, allowing point-to-point service between any EU countries is approaching and airline companies will benefit from consolidation; on the other hand, they will have to confront fiercer competitions against each other. (Loddenberg, 2004) The price-sensitivity for routes to and within accession countries is naturally suited to low cost airlines. The average Ryanair fare in 2003/4 was 40 and the expectation is a 38 average fare in 2004/5. The net margin fell from 28% in 2002/3 to 21% in 2003/4 and is predicted to fall to 18% in 2004/5. The net margin has thus fallen by 10 points in two years. While the margin exceeds the industry average, it may come under pressure from factors such as further falls in yields and the lack of scope for more reductions in an already low cost base. Economic factors Economic recession Overall, the world's economy is slowdown, which affects European economy as well. People are reluctant to spend money in leisure activities. Currency fluctuation In related to companies' operating costs, currency fluctuation affects those companies' revenues that are not in US dollars. Weakness in US dollars enables fuel cost reduction. Social and cultural factors Population intensity High level of population density in the EU region (six times larger than the USA) is likely to stimulate the growth of short-haul point-to-point routes within Europe, which provides major opportunities for low-cost

ASSIGNMENT ON EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND ORGANISATIONAL RESPONSE Essay - 1

ASSIGNMENT ON EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND ORGANISATIONAL RESPONSE - Essay Example It is against this background that this paper provides an in depth analysis of the external environment of the proposed Castle Hotel in light of the PEST model. To enhance coherence, the paper begins by justifying the entry into the hotel industry. As indicated earlier, the hotel industry in New Zealand offers a lucrative environment for sustained growth. The decision to enter into this business was informed by various factors. To begin with, the industry is all seasonal. In this regard, Hall (2000) indicates that the hotel industry deals with the most basic human needs and it is unlikely that one would miss clients at any point in the year. Preliminary researches indicate that Auckland City is a hub for tourists and business persons from across the globe. Providing a hotel with six star standards will probably give the investor a chance to explore this market niche with ease. PEST analysis reviews the political, economic, social and technological facets of the business environment. This is fundamental in enabling the investors to identify any opportunities for growth and seize them in a timely and effective manner. Furthermore, investors can use this information to minimize threats that compromise sustainable growth and development of a particular business. The political environment of any country greatly influences the performance of both local and international business. Respective governments have put in place rules and regulations that need to be adhered to by investors. If these are not supportive of economic growth, they can cripple relative development initiatives. With respect to the hotel business venture, the political environment in New Zealand offers distinct opportunities that can be effectively explored for growth and development. In his review, Elebiary (2012) indicates that the enlargement of the European Union has opened up the destination for increased international tourist arrivals. In addition, the government has huge incentives for the est ablishment and development of luxurious hotels. This according to Elebiary (2012) is due to the fact that the hotels contribute significantly to the country’s gross domestic product. However, there are political threats that are likely to affect the success of this business. Reportedly, governments charge huge taxes from these star hotels. In addition, there are stringent rules and huge penalties for hotels that fail to comply with the established health and safety rules. To address issues pertaining to huge taxes, the hotel will equally charge high prices to cater for all the operating costs. The economic facet of this analysis underscores the economic trends in the country which have direct impacts on the performance of this luxurious hotel. Being an international venture, this business will attract clientele from the international pool too (Birt, 2004). The first opportunity offered in the economic sphere pertains to the 17.1% rise of the global net worth of individuals (E lebiary, 2012). This implies that the industry is likely to receive more clients. Then, economic trends ascertain that this industry is not commonly affected by recession. Most importantly, the growing national Growth domestic product (GDP) of New Zealand and other countries in the European Union imply that more individuals will be able to afford the luxurious services that

“To His Coy Mistress” by Andrew Marvell Essay Example for Free

â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† by Andrew Marvell Essay Andrew Marvell’s poem â€Å"to his coy mistress† is about a man trying to convince a mistress to love and enter a sexual relationship with him because life is too short. But the woman is being coy and playing coy games. The man says that her virginity or beauty will last forever so she needs to make use of it while she’s still young and alive otherwise nobody will be interested in or want her. The purpose of this poem is to show that some people will do or say anything just so they get what they want. The emotion this poem creates is a passion for love and what may happen if they don’t make love. This poem uses many craftsmanship techniques such as structure, language and sounds, imagery, and movement. The poem is structured into three stanzas or poetic paragraphs. These stanzas do not have regular lines but every stanza has paired lines that have the same rhythm and rhyme. The poem has language that is very vivid. It is also presented in a dramatic monologue with lots of exaggeration of time. The effect of language on the poem is that it makes the poem beautiful and provoking. There were three main techniques used. The first technique is Simile. Simile is used to give us a greater understanding and image of what is going on with the man and the woman. An example of a simile used is the line â€Å"and now, like â€Å"am’rous birds of prey†. The effect of simile in this poem is that we would now have a better understand of what the situation is like. Another technique used is allusion. Allusion is used to give a deeper meaning to a poem by referring to another work that has a similar theme. It can give the reader a better understanding of the poem. Two examples of allusion are the lines â€Å"love you ten years before the flood† and â€Å"Till the conversion of the Jews†. The effect allusion in this poem is that it is a way for the poet to emphasize the main point the poet is trying to make – which is that the man would love the woman ten years before the beginning of the world until the end of the world. The last technique used is symbolism. Symbolism is used to add a hidden layer of depth into the poem and it also lets the poet create images in the poem. An example of symbolism used is the line â€Å"my vegetable love should grow†. The word vegetable used in that line is to suggest the growing sense of the man’s love. The effect of symbolism in this poem is to show the man’s love for the woman and how it will never stop yet it will keep on growing. In conclusion, â€Å"to his coy mistress† has used many craftsmanship techniques to express the poet’s opinion and to convince the mistress. The poem is special as it includes a dramatic monologue as well as an argument and conclusion. This poem is just like a story.

Jerusalem in the Scriptures :: Christianity Bible Scriptures Essays

Jerusalem in the Scriptures 37 "O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, the one who kills the prophets and stones those who are sent to her! How often I wanted to gather your children together, as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, but you were not willing! 38 "See! Your house is left to you desolate; 39 "for I say to you, you shall see Me no more till you say, 'Blessed is He who comes in the name of the LORD!'" (Matthew23:37-39) Jerusalem in the Scriptures is symbolic of the Church in general. The word "Jerusalem" means "city of peace". Paul writing to the church at Galatia makes a distinction between the two Jerusalems - the natural one and the spiritual one. Both Jerusalems are described symbolically as mothers with children. 25 for this Hagar is Mount Sinai in Arabia, and corresponds to Jerusalem which now is, and is in bondage with her children; 26 but the Jerusalem above is free, which is the mother of us all. (Galatians 4:25-26) We see that when Jesus laments over Jerusalem, He is actually lamenting over BOTH the natural Jerusalem AND the spiritual one. From history we know that Jerusalem had a record for killing the prophets God sent to her to warn her to repent of idolatry. The irony of it all, is that the city of God had a tendency to reject God Himself when He came to them in the form of these men. This led to the ultimate of all ironies - the rejection of the man Jesus, who was in fact God in the flesh. And all this by those zealously attempting to adhere to the principles of God but at the same time rejecting the person of God in Jesus. 37 "And the Father Himself, who sent Me, has testified of Me. You have neither heard His voice at any time, nor seen His form. 38 "But you do not have His word abiding in you, because whom He sent, Him you do not believe. 39 "You search the Scriptures, for in them you think you have eternal life; and these are they which testify of Me. 40 "But you are not willing to come to Me that you may have life. (John 5:37-40) We, as born-again believers, have the seed of the word of God living and abiding in us because we were willing to "come to Him" and "believe in Him". Likewise, as we learn to recognise those sent by God, we will be able to receive the word living in them which may be the very anointing we need to have the yokes and bondages destroyed in our lives and be changed from glory

Cupid Metaphors Essay

In Shakespeare’s play A Midsummer Night’s Dream, metaphors concerning the moon, flowers, and Cupid are prevalent and have a significant impact on the play. The play focuses on a romantic situation between four Athenians: Hermia, Lysander, Helena, and Demetrius. As the story unravels, many comparisons are made to enhance the language and the messages that the characters try to convey. The moon is personified as a chaste woman who can be both gentle and fiery. Flowers are used as romantic symbols with the power to influence love. Cupid is personified as an armed child who strikes people’s hearts even if that love was not meant to be. Various events in the play are compared to the moon, which is constantly being personified as a woman. In the beginning of the play, Hippolyta and Theseus are discussing how they are to get married in four days. Theseus complains about how slowly the moon wanes. He compares the moon to a stepmother and a widow who keeps her stepson waiting for his inheritance because it takes so long for her to die (1:1, 1-6). Theseus is saying that the days are passing by too slowly and he wants to get married already. As the play progresses, Theseus tells Hermia that her life will consist solely of â€Å"chanting faint hymns to the cold fruitless moon† (1:1, 73). Once again, the moon is personified as a cold and barren woman. Theseus warns Hermia that if she chooses not to comply with her father’s wishes, she will stay a virgin priestess forever, living her entire life without a husband or children, just like the moon. The moon is compared to things much more destructive and emotional later on in the play. Oberon and Titania, the king and queen of fairies, have been in a disagreement for a long period of time. Their constant fighting has affected nature adversely, causing spring, summer, fertile autumn, and angry winter to change places. Titania vividly describes their arguments as having caused the moon, the â€Å"governess of floods,† to be pale in anger, filling the air with rheumatic diseases (2:1, 103-104). The moon is personified as a female ruler who controls the tides of the ocean. It is also given the human emotion of anger when it turns pale. When Bottom and Titania are together, Bottom speaks about crying for mustardseeds being eaten by oxen. Titania states â€Å"the moon methinks looks with a watery eye; and when she weeps, weeps every little flower, lamenting some enforcà ¨d chastity† (3:1, 193-195). Titania says that the moon is â€Å"misty-eyed, and when she weeps, so does every little flower in grief for violated chastity.† The moon is again personified as a woman and she is crying because the mustardseeds have been wronged. When it is time for Bottom to sleep, Titania orders her fairies â€Å"to fan the moonbeams from his sleeping eyes† (3:1, 168). The first metaphor â€Å"to fan the moonbeams† is comparing moonlight to a solid substance that can be fanned away. The second metaphor is the sleeping eyes of Bottom. Bottom’s eyes are not literally sleeping. It is Bottom who is doing the sleeping, not his eyes. Flowers are associated with love and emotions throughout the play. Theseus attempts to convince Hermia to marry Demetrius so that she would not have to spend the rest of her life living as a virgin priestess of the moon goddess. He tells her that it is better to live a life with love in it even if it is not the love she originally desired rather than to live without love at all. Theseus says â€Å"thrice-blessà ¨d they that master so their blood to undergo such maiden pilgrimage; but earthlier happy is the rose distilled than that which, withering on the virgin thorn, grows, lives, and dies in single blessedness† (1:1, 74-78). He compares women who are chaste to unplucked roses who wither up and die. Married women are compared to roses that have been plucked and made into a sweet perfume (1:1, 76-78). Oberon desires an Indian prince that was given to Titania by the prince’s mother. In order to obtain the Indian prince, Oberon plans to make Titania fall in love with a beast by spreading the juice of a flower on her eyelids while she is sleeping. He tells the story of how this special flower came into existence. Cupid took aim at a beautiful young virgin queen, but his fiery arrow was put out by the watery, virginal moonbeams and struck a little western flower. The flower which used to be white as milk, turned purple from being wounded by the arrow of love (2:1, 155-168). The flower is personified and given the ability to be afflicted with love in this play. When Titania wakes, she is compelled to fall madly in love with Bottom, clumsy and grotesque with an ass’ head. When he goes to sleep, Titania tells Bottom to stay with her, saying â€Å"I’ll give thee fairies to attend on thee, and they shall fetch thee jewels from the deep, and sing while thou on pressà ¨d flowers dost sleep† (3:1, 150-153). The flowers are compared to soothing objects that can calm people and bring sleep. Seeing Titania and Bottom together, Oberon cannot believe how someone as beautiful as Titania can dote on Bottom, whose looks are repulsive. Before she fell asleep, Titania wove a wreath of fresh, fragrant flowers for Bottom and placed it on his hairy forehead. Oberon cannot stand to see such beautiful flowers rest on Bottom’s hairy temples. Oberon states that the flowers on Bottom’s head had â€Å"tears that did their own disgrace bewail† (4:1, 54-55). He says that the drops of dew that lay in the center of the flowers made the flowers look like they were crying in shame to be decorating the head of an ugly jackass. The flowers are personified as people who can cry and feel degradation. In love with Hermia, Demetrius pushes Helena away. Helena, heartbroken, complains about love and Cupid. She says â€Å"and therefore is winged Cupid painted blind. Nor hath Love’s mind of any judgment taste† (1:2, 235-236). In modern times, we say â€Å"love is blind,† however, in this case cupid is blind. Helena personifies love as a child who does not have any judgment. Cupid is so often misled in making a choice because of his rash judgment. When telling the story of the flower, Oberon says â€Å"Young Cupid’s fiery shaft quenched in the chaste beams of the watery moon† (2:1, 161-162). The â€Å"fiery shaft† is a metaphor used for Cupid’s arrow which can cause fiery passionate love. Fixing the love damage that Puck created, Oberon spreads the love juice on Demetrius’ eyes while he is sleeping. While doing so, Oberon says â€Å"Flower of this purple dye, hit with Cupid’s archery, sink in apple of his eye† (3:2, 102-104). The first metaphor â€Å"flower of this purple dye, hit with Cupid’s archery† is comparing the purple flower to Cupid’s bow. By saying this, Oberon is saying that the flower can â€Å"hit† the same way a bow of Cupid can. The second metaphor of this line is â€Å"sink in apple of his eye.† The metaphor is referring to the â€Å"apple† of Demetrius’ eyes, comparing it to his passions and desires. Love is much talked about throughout the play. Hermia’s father is full of anger and he does not support Lysander and Hermia’s relationship. Lysander tells Hermia that â€Å"the course of true love never did run smooth† (1:1, 134). Lysander is saying that love is hard and it can feel like a long and rough road for two lovers. In Lysander and Hermia’s grief and despair, Lysander makes a speech about the transience of love. Love is â€Å"swift as a shadow, short as any dream, brief as the lightning in the collied night† (1:1, 144-145). Lysander compares the briefness of love to the quickness of a shadow, a dream, and a lightning. He means that with love comes many difficulties, such as pressure from parents, sickness, or death. Lysander goes on to say â€Å"The jaws of darkness do devour it up; so quick bright things come to confusion† (1:1, 148-149). He compares his love with Hermia to something bright but fades away quickly because of the confusion brought to it by time and nature. When asked to give up her child to Oberon, Titania refuses, telling him that this Indian prince was given to her by his mother, a female worshipper. She says â€Å"when we have laughed to see the sails conceive and grow big-bellied with the wanton wind† (2:1, 128-129). Titania is saying that when the sails filled up with wind, they looked like they had big, pregnant bellies. She is comparing the sails of ships to big, pregnant bellies of women. Due to Oberon’s unspecific details on whose eyes Puck was suppose to spread the love juice on, causes Lysander to fall in love with Helena. When Hermia questions Lysander, he treats her cruelly saying â€Å"Get you gone, you dwarf, you minimus of hindering knotgrass made, you bead, you acorn† (3:2, 328-330). Lysander is insulting Hermia, calling her a dwarf, a tiny little weed, scrap, and an acorn. In this metaphor, he compares Hermia to a tiny, unwanted plant, useless scrap, and an acorn. A Midsummer Night’s Dream is encased with many metaphors pertaining to the moon, flowers, and Cupid of the play. As the reader follows the Athenian lovers and the fairies on their journeys, various messages are conveyed through symbols and metaphors. The language and messages evokes vivid images in the reader’s head. The moon is compared to a woman who is capable of controlling time, controlling the seas, crying, and being fruitless. Flowers are symbols of romance, raw human emotions, and fairy magic. The flowers can metaphorically make people feel compelled to fall in love and are also capable of crying and feeling shame in this play. Cupid is portrayed as a controller of love. Just like love, Cupid is a young boy who is irrational. He is a child with a blindfold and wings, ready to take aim randomly, causing people to be afflicted with love. The moon, flowers, and Cupid are the main themes of metaphors presented in A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare.

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